Forced labour and extraction
Slavery, coerced labour and resource exploitation.
MassacreZong massacre
The killing of enslaved Africans followed by a court dispute over their insurance value.
Forced labour systemCongo Free State rubber regime
Colonial rubber extraction enforced through coercion and violence under Leopold II.
Colonial warMaji Maji war and repression
An anti-colonial uprising met by the destruction of villages, crops and livelihoods.
Colonial detention systemMau Mau detention system
Detention and torture during Britain's suppression of the Kenyan independence struggle.
Coercive labour tradeBlackbirding and Queensland's Islander labour trade
Kidnapping and deceptive recruitment behind Queensland's plantation labour system.
Freedom and rightsThe Haitian Revolution
Overthrowing plantation slavery and founding an independent Black republic.
Forced labour systemPotosí silver mining and the colonial mita
A colonial labour draft that supplied workers to one of the world's largest silver-mining centres.
Forced labour systemHuancavelica mercury mines
Indigenous workers exposed to toxic mercury extraction in the service of colonial silver production.
Colonial labour systemEncomienda in Spanish America
Conquerors receiving rights to Indigenous tribute and labour under a claimed duty of protection.
Forced labour systemRepartimiento labour in New Spain
Indigenous communities compelled to supply rotating workers to colonial employers.